Uprawa winogron: sadzenie, cięcie i pielęgnacja.

lutego 15, 2024
Krzewy owocowe
0 upodobania
10599 widoki

Winorośla, nazywane potocznie winogronami, to energicznie rosnące pnącza, których owoce są nie tylko doskonałe do jedzenia, wyciskania soków i produkcji wina, ale stanowią również piękną ozdobę ogrodu lub balkonu. Gatunek ten pochodzi z regionu śródziemnomorskiego, Europy Środkowej i południowo-zachodniej Azji. Są to pnącza liściaste, które osiągają do 30 metrów długości. Mają wąsy i charakterystyczne liście w kształcie dłoniastym o ząbkowanej krawędzi. Kwiaty są zielonkawe, pachnące i pojawiają się w wiszących wiechach. Owoce (winogrona) mogą mieć różne kolory w zależności od odmiany. Zbiór winogron odbywa się zwykle jesienią. Przy odpowiedniej pielęgnacji i przycinaniu pnącza będą zachwycać nas owocami nawet przez 30 lat! Sprawdź jak sadzić, przycinać i pielęgnować sadzonki winogron.

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Wybierz dla winorośli takie miejsce, gdzie będzie miała dostęp do promieni słonecznych przez cały dzień w ciągu sezonu wegetacyjnego, od wiosny do jesieni. Duża ilość słońca w znaczący sposób wpływa na coroczny przyrost winorośli, a także wielkość, wybarwienie i smak owoców. Unikaj nisko położonych obszarów, gdzie dochodzi do zastoin zimnego powietrza. W większej części naszego kraju najlepsze będzie zbocze południowe. Ważna jest również dobra cyrkulacja powietrza, ponieważ wpływa ona na ograniczenie występowania chorób grzybowych tj. mączniak prawdziwy. Przed posadzeniem, glebę dokładnie się oczyszcza. Należy usunąć większe kamienie, patyki, jednoroczne i wieloletnie chwasty, a następnie głęboko ją przekopać. Do podłoża dodajemy sporo kompostu lub obornika.

Przed posadzeniem winorośli balotowanych, ściągamy ostrożnie balot, delikatnie rozprostowujemy korzenie i namaczamy system korzeniowy w wiadrze z wodą przez kilka godzin.
Wcześniej wykopujemy dołek, który będzie na tyle głęboki i szeroki, aby swobodnie umieścić w nim sadzonkę bez zaginania delikatnych korzeni.
Następnie umieszczamy sadzonkę na samym środku dołka i trzymając jedną ręką sadzonkę, drugą ręką zasypujemy pozostałą przestrzeń.
Co jakiś czas potrząsamy sadzonką, aby gleba dokładnie oblepiła korzenie i nie doszło do powstania kieszeni powietrznych w poszczególnych warstwach gleby.
Kolejno, ręką lub stopami ugniatamy podłoże wokół rośliny i wykonujemy pierścień z gleby, aby po podlaniu woda spłynęła bezpośrednio pod korzenie i nie rozlała się na boki.
Na koniec obficie podlewamy posadzoną winorośl.

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W pierwszym roku od posadzenia winogrona podlewamy bardzo często i regularnie, nie rzadziej niż raz w tygodniu, kilkoma wiadrami wody deszczowej lub wodociągowej. W czasie suszy należy robić to jeszcze częściej, gdyż upał i przesuszenie podłoża szybko doprowadza do więdnięcia roślin. W kolejnych latach, gdy winorośl dobrze się zakorzeni w nowym miejscu, podlewanie nie będzie obowiązkowym zabiegiem pielęgnacyjnym.

Przy odpowiednim przygotowaniu i nawiezieniu gleby jeszcze przed posadzeniem roślin, dodatkowe nawożenie winogron nie będzie potrzebne przez kolejne dwa lata uprawy. Wystarczy, że podczas sadzenia, dołek, poza żyzną glebą uzupełnimy również pewną częścią obornika. Nawóz organiczny nie może jednak bezpośrednio dotykać korzeni roślin. W kolejnych latach uprawy winogron wykonujemy analizę chemiczną gleby i na tej podstawie uzupełniamy brakujące składniki mineralne.

Najważniejsze tzw. główne cięcie winogron przeprowadzamy w czasie, gdy pnącza są w spoczynku zimowym, a soki nie zaczęły jeszcze krążyć. Zbyt późne przycięcie pędów może prowadzić do tzw. płaczu łozy. Soki wypływające z rany powodują wolniejsze jej gojenie. Optymalny czas przycinania winogron przypada na pierwsze miesiące roku, koniec lutego i początek marca. Wybierzmy ciepły, słoneczny dzień, gdy temperatura znajduje się powyżej 0 stopni C. Do przycinania cieńszych gałęzi najlepiej wykorzystać ostry, zdezynfekowany sekator z zagiętymi ostrzami. W przypadku grubszych gałęzi powinno się użyć piły ogrodowej.

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Istnieje kilka ważnych zabiegów pielęgnacyjnych, które musimy regularnie wykonywać, aby nasze winogrona były zdrowe i owocowały obficie przez długie lata. Poza podlewaniem, nawożeniem i przycinaniem winogron istotne jest również ściółkowanie i ochrona przed mrozem.

Ściółkowanie. Do tego zabiegu pielęgnacyjnego, po posadzeniu winogron wykorzystujemy m.in. łęty, skoszoną, ściętą trawę, przekompostowaną korę i słomę. Ściółkowanie ogranicza rozwój chwastów wokół roślin, ogranicza parowanie wody z gleby, a także chroni przed szkodnikami.
Ochrona przed mrozem. Większość odmian winorośli dostępnych na naszym rynku jest odporna na mróz do -20 stopni C. Jednak pełną odporność zyskują dopiero starsze, zdrewniałe rośliny, po kilku latach uprawy. Młode sadzonki wymagają ochrony np. poprzez kopczykowanie na wysokość 30 cm, okrywanie słomianymi matami i chochołami czy agrowłókniną.

Uprawa winogron: sadzenie, cięcie i pielęgnacja.

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